Analyzing sentences

Danger of Smoking in the Morning

Smoking in the morning, especially accompanied by acup of coffee, has become a ritual that hard to break. However, these habits seem to need to be stopped from smoking at the beginning of the day is more dangerous than smoking on the day or night. Research shows that smoking after waking up would increase the risk of lung cancer, neck andhead. "Morning smokers have high levels of nicotine and other toxins from tobacco in his body."According to me , they are also more addicted than smokers who refrained from smoking a half hour or so afterwaking up," said researcher Joshua Muscat of Penn State College of Medicine.To find out why some smokers get cancer and not, Muscat and his team examined the link between cancer risk is there with the habit of first cigarette in the morning.The first study involved 4775 patients with lung cancer and 2835 of other smokers without lungcancer. Those who smoke 30 minutes after waking up 1.79 times higher risk of suffering from lung cancer than those who waited more than 60 minutes. Meanwhile, those who smoked 31-60minutes after waking up had 1.31 times the risk compared to those who wait at least an hour.The second study involved 1055 people with brain and neck cancer and 795 people who smokedbut did not suffer brain and neck cancer. Those who smoked within 30 minutes when you wakeup 1.59 times the risk of brain and neck cancer compared with those who waited an hour.The risk of smokers who smoked 31-60 minutes after waking up 1.42 times than those who waitat least an hour

Analyzing sentences

1. Gerund : Smoking in the morning

in this sentences shows gerund because smoking in here as subject not verb even we know smoke is a verb but in here after modify with ing, it change in to noun.   because a  gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding "-ing. the function of gerund absolutely as the subject of the sentence and to different word category beetween verb and noun. Gerunds can be made negative by adding "not." if i take the example from the example above is : not smoking in the morning.

2. Direct speech : "according to me, they are also more addicted than smokers who refrained from smoking a half hour or so afterwaking up," said researcher Joshua Muscat of Penn State College of Medicine.

in this sentence shows the direct speech because in this statement he claimed the case lively. obviously like in this sentence like "according to me" because if the sentence to be passive voice, it will be like "according to him, they were also more addicted than smokers who refrained from smoking a half hour or so afterwaking up.

Tense change

Direct speech		Indirect speech
Present simple She said, "It's cold."	›	Past simple  She said it was cold.
Present continuous She said, "I'm teaching English online."	›	Past continuous  She said she was teaching English online.
Present perfect simple She said, "I've been on the web since 1999."	›	Past perfect simple She said she had been on the web since 1999.
Present perfect continuous She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years."	›	Past perfect continuous  She said she had been teaching English for seven years.
Past simple She said, "I taught online yesterday."	›	Past perfect  She said she had taught online yesterday.
Past continuous She said, "I was teaching earlier."	›	Past perfect continuous  She said she had been teaching earlier.
Past perfect She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived."	›	Past perfect  NO CHANGE - She said the lesson had already started when he arrived.
Past perfect continuous She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes."	›	Past perfect continuous  NO CHANGE - She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes.

Modal verb forms also sometimes change:

Direct speech		Indirect speech
will She said, "I'll teach English online tomorrow."	›	would She said she would teach English online tomorrow.
can She said, "I can teach English online."	›	could She said she could teach English online.
must She said, "I must have a computer to teach English online."	›	had to  She said she had to have a computer to teach English online.
shall She said, "What shall we learn today?"	›	should She asked what we should learn today.
may She said, "May I open a new browser?"	›	might She asked if she might open a new browser.

Time change

Expressions of time if reported on a different day
this (evening)	›	that (evening)
today	›	yesterday ...
these (days)	›	those (days)
now	›	then
(a week) ago	›	(a week) before
last weekend	›	the weekend before last / the previous weekend
here	›	there
next (week)	›	the following (week)
tomorrow	›	the next/following day

3. Relative pronoun  : The risk of smokers who smoked 31-60 minutes after waking up 1.42 times than those who waitat least an hour this is a relative pronoun because the subject of the verb smoked and also introduces the clause smoked 31-60 minutes. In this case the clause acts as an adjective modifying the word the risk of smokers. because relative pronoun is used to connect a clause or phrase to a noun or pronoun. there are many examples of relative pronoun like in the table billow

Function in the sentence	Reference to
	People	Things / concepts	Place	Time	Explanation
Subject	who, that	which, that
Object	(that, who, whom)*	(which, that)*	where	when	what/why
Possessive	whose	whose, of which