Analyzing sentences

Danger of Smoking in the Morning

Smoking in the morning, especially accompanied by acup of coffee, has become a ritual that hard to break. However, these habits seem to need to be stopped from smoking at the beginning of the day is more dangerous than smoking on the day or night. Research shows that smoking after waking up would increase the risk of lung cancer, neck andhead. "Morning smokers have high levels of nicotine and other toxins from tobacco in his body."According to me , they are also more addicted than smokers who refrained from smoking a half hour or so afterwaking up," said researcher Joshua Muscat of Penn State College of Medicine.To find out why some smokers get cancer and not, Muscat and his team examined the link between cancer risk is there with the habit of first cigarette in the morning.The first study involved 4775 patients with lung cancer and 2835 of other smokers without lungcancer. Those who smoke 30 minutes after waking up 1.79 times higher risk of suffering from lung cancer than those who waited more than 60 minutes. Meanwhile, those who smoked 31-60minutes after waking up had 1.31 times the risk compared to those who wait at least an hour.The second study involved 1055 people with brain and neck cancer and 795 people who smokedbut did not suffer brain and neck cancer. Those who smoked within 30 minutes when you wakeup 1.59 times the risk of brain and neck cancer compared with those who waited an hour.The risk of smokers who smoked 31-60 minutes after waking up 1.42 times than those who waitat least an hour

Analyzing sentences

1. Gerund : Smoking in the morning

in this sentences shows gerund because smoking in here as subject not verb even we know smoke is a verb but in here after modify with ing, it change in to noun.   because a  gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding "-ing. the function of gerund absolutely as the subject of the sentence and to different word category beetween verb and noun. Gerunds can be made negative by adding "not." if i take the example from the example above is : not smoking in the morning.

2. Direct speech : "according to me, they are also more addicted than smokers who refrained from smoking a half hour or so afterwaking up," said researcher Joshua Muscat of Penn State College of Medicine.

in this sentence shows the direct speech because in this statement he claimed the case lively. obviously like in this sentence like "according to me" because if the sentence to be passive voice, it will be like "according to him, they were also more addicted than smokers who refrained from smoking a half hour or so afterwaking up.

Tense change

Direct speech		Indirect speech
Present simple She said, "It's cold."	›	Past simple  She said it was cold.
Present continuous She said, "I'm teaching English online."	›	Past continuous  She said she was teaching English online.
Present perfect simple She said, "I've been on the web since 1999."	›	Past perfect simple She said she had been on the web since 1999.
Present perfect continuous She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years."	›	Past perfect continuous  She said she had been teaching English for seven years.
Past simple She said, "I taught online yesterday."	›	Past perfect  She said she had taught online yesterday.
Past continuous She said, "I was teaching earlier."	›	Past perfect continuous  She said she had been teaching earlier.
Past perfect She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived."	›	Past perfect  NO CHANGE - She said the lesson had already started when he arrived.
Past perfect continuous She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes."	›	Past perfect continuous  NO CHANGE - She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes.

Modal verb forms also sometimes change:

Direct speech		Indirect speech
will She said, "I'll teach English online tomorrow."	›	would She said she would teach English online tomorrow.
can She said, "I can teach English online."	›	could She said she could teach English online.
must She said, "I must have a computer to teach English online."	›	had to  She said she had to have a computer to teach English online.
shall She said, "What shall we learn today?"	›	should She asked what we should learn today.
may She said, "May I open a new browser?"	›	might She asked if she might open a new browser.

Time change

Expressions of time if reported on a different day
this (evening)	›	that (evening)
today	›	yesterday ...
these (days)	›	those (days)
now	›	then
(a week) ago	›	(a week) before
last weekend	›	the weekend before last / the previous weekend
here	›	there
next (week)	›	the following (week)
tomorrow	›	the next/following day

3. Relative pronoun  : The risk of smokers who smoked 31-60 minutes after waking up 1.42 times than those who waitat least an hour this is a relative pronoun because the subject of the verb smoked and also introduces the clause smoked 31-60 minutes. In this case the clause acts as an adjective modifying the word the risk of smokers. because relative pronoun is used to connect a clause or phrase to a noun or pronoun. there are many examples of relative pronoun like in the table billow

Function in the sentence	Reference to
	People	Things / concepts	Place	Time	Explanation
Subject	who, that	which, that
Object	(that, who, whom)*	(which, that)*	where	when	what/why
Possessive	whose	whose, of which

   

Phrasal Verbs

What is a phrasal verb?

A phrasal verb is a verb followed by a preposition or an adverb; the combination creates a 
meaning different from the original verb alone.

Example :
To get  =  to obtain	I need to get a new battery for my camera.
To get together  =  to meet	Why don’t we all get together for lunch one day?

Phrasal verbs are part of a large group of verbs called “multi-part” or "multi-word” verbs.
The preposition or adverb that follows the verb is sometimes called a particle.

Phrasal verbs and other multi-word verbs are an important part of the English language.
However, they are mainly used in spoken English and informal texts. They should be
avoided in academic writing where it is preferable to use a formal verb such as “to postpone”
rather than “to put off”.

Transitive and intransitive phrasal verbs :

Some phrasal verbs are transitive.  (A transitive verb always has an object.)
Example : I made up an excuse. ('Excuse' is the object of the verb.)

Some phrasal verbs are intransitive . (An intransitive verb does not have an object.)
Example : My car broke down.

Separable or inseparable phrasal verbs :

Some transitive phrasal verbs are separable. (The object is between the verb and the preposition.)
Example : I looked the word up in the dictionary.

Some transitive phrasal verbs are inseparable. (The object is placed after the preposition.)
Example : I will look into the matter as soon as possible.

Some transitive phrasal verbs can take an object in both places.
Example : I picked up the book.
   I picked the book up.

However, if the object is a pronoun, it must be placed between the verb and the preposition.
Example : I picked it up.

Trafficjam in jakarta

Jakarta’s traffic has always been a big problem for the government. Every morning Jakarta has been always  and always enjoyed with the name stuck. Well, indeed, what can we do, as the center of the capital which will never slept through the night to come pick.  Traffic jams are everywhere in Jakarta. It is hard for people in Jakarta and in its suburbs like Tangerang, Bekasi, Depok, and Bogor to move around. It takes too long than it should be to get to one place from another. The most significant causes of the problem lay on some factors.

      One of the causes is the number of vehicles in Jakarta. There are too many buses, cars, motorcycles, and any other kinds of public transportation in the streets. no longer wonder, when rain flooded and jammed into one hell feels like a home for all the work. Not just one or two hours, private car users can be up to 3 hours not moving. If we talk to dealing with this beautiful country, government is not honored will be no end. A little opinion on our system of government from the beginning until now. I think the bottleneck can be overcome by the reduction of private vehicles. Yes indeed, almost every head of the family has a personal vehicle. But all of this can we reduce the government a lot of money, funds allocation and so on. Make public transport comfortable, safe, plentiful, easy to reach, etc. With this people will switch to not use private vehicles. Why use a private vehicle anyway no public transport is safe, comfortable. Once people’s minds when they developed public facilities.

It would certainly reduce the number of vehicles. Reduce pollution as well right? how do you cope with traffic, public transportation in Indonesia now just become a tool for criminals to rape, robbery, sexual abuse and many more. No wonder if the interest in public transport is less than private vehicles. If indeed there are many cases like this, remove the serious legal, proper and in accordance with the actors do. If public transport is made more secure, convenient, effective, would jam a little loose. At least the volume of vehicles is reduced because they prefer public transportation. It’s just not regularly  public transport, indiscriminate parking, driving like crazy, especially away from the comfortable security. So, my opinion still haunts Jakarta traffic jam to us before public transport facilities could be improved and the system works. Provide safe and convenient facilities, cheap price reach and act decisively on the laws, give severe punishment, retribution to the perpetrators of crime on public transport. With this, it might be a little to reduce traffic jam in Jakarta.  Actually the government of DKI Jakarta has also think about the traffic jam problem and they come out with PRODASIH (clean air program). One of the example is “three in one” which means there should be three people or more in one car, but in the reality lots of the car owner use jockey to avoid the regulation.

            So it comes back to the people of Jakarta consciousness to make the traffic in Jakarta more enjoyable. If they can not do this then may be in the next year there will be all traffic jam in the street of Jakarta that make the people harder to go through even to go out of their home. I realize that now the traffic jam seems to be more crowded and long. Even in the place where usually never been any traffic jam now there is a jam and it is quite long and heavy. Maybe the government can be stricter about the regulation that they have already made.

And I suggest to the government if the want to build street infrastructure such as the busway for Trans Jakarta they should make a better planning in it. Because what I see now is that they make it all in one time which make all the street suffering worse in traffic jam because all the street are under construction. Can’t you make it just one by one Mr.Goverment? because if you make it one by one it will be easier for others to find alternative way in order to avoid the street construction.

To conclude, the city government must do the research in order to find the solution for these problems and build more facilities like highways and streets. Creating and implementing strict regulation for the traffic systems can also solve the problem.

source : http://wantysastro.wordpress.com/2012/12/02/traffic-jam-in-jakarta/