softskill's assigment (saussere language as social fact)

SAUSURE : LANGUAGE AS A SOCIAL FACT

By the end of the nineteenh century - apparently everything looks good at the time, and some still remain convincing for today – the equation of languages with biological spscies had largely been abandoned . This created a difficulty for the notion of linguistics as an academic discipline: if languages are not living species, in the sense are they 'things' that can be studied at all? The man in the street refers quite happily to 'French' as something which one can study, which possesses certain attributes, which resembles 'English' in some respects but differs from it in others; but, if 'French' is a thing, it is a very odd kind of thing. It obviously is not a concrete object like a table, or even like the stretch of terrain called 'France'.  You cannot, strictly speaking, see or hear 'French' - the French language. You can hear Gaston the waiter said “Pas si bete . . . “you can see a line of print in a copy of Le Monde; but how can we interpret a being called 'French' lying behind these and thousands of other concrete, observable phenomena? What sort of an entity could it be? The biological paradigm had treated the relationship between Gaston's speech and 'French' as akin to the relationship between a particular carrot and the species 'carrot': and, until the biological paradigm had to be given up anyway, this treatment seemed satisfying - even though one could see or eat only individual carrots, one appreciated that it made sense to talk about the species 'carrot' and to discuss, say, its genetic relationship with the species 'parsnip'. But, in the first place, the biological paradigm had fallen by the wayside; and, secondly, now that one thought about it that paradigm never really did offer a complete • answer to the problem under discussion anyway. In biology, while species are abstractions, at least individuals of a species are concrete – few things are more tangible than a carrot. But the linguistic analogue of a biological individual is a person's idiolect: and this, and almost all , if not all , the same as a broad abstraction of the concept of language .
We can not hear idiolect Gaston as a form ; we can only hear the idiolect examples - comments which he says that he saw a tip that we left off , and it does not have idiolect example parallels in biology. So although it is not regarded as a particular problem by linguists of the nineteenth century , the question " How does understanding a form called a language or a dialect of the underlying reality that can be felt rather than specific utterances ? Remain open at that time . People who answer that can satisfy experts as well as experts during her today is the Swiss scholar : Ferdinand de Saussure .
MONGIN Ferdinand de Saussure , his full name , was born in Geneva in 1857 , the son of the Huguenot families who moved from Lorraine during the French religious wars in the late sixteenth century . Although people now regard as the first Saussure provides a definition of the notion that so-called synchronic linguistics - the study of language support as the system contained in the given time , which is distinguished by historical linguistics ( which to distinguish Saussure called diachronic linguistics ) is for experts contemporaries is the only approach available for studying that time was - in his lifetime was not meant to make it famous . Saussure got educated as an ancient language , and successfully while still a young man published a book entitled Memoire sur lesysteme primitive dans les langues des Voyelles indo - europeennes ( 1878 ) . The book was published a few weeks after his birthday XXI : When he was a student in Germany . The book is one of the basic reconstruction of Proto- Indo- European language . Saussure gives Ecole Pratique des Hautes lecture Etudes in Paris from 1881 to 1891, before he returned to teaching in Geneva , all publishing , and almost all the lectures he gave , throughout his more than dealing with historical linguistics synchronic linguistics , with in-depth analysis about the various Indo- European languages and not with the general theory that makes it famous now .

In fact , although Saussure produce his work on the theory of general linguistics at about 1890 ( Koerner , 1973: 29 ) , he seems reluctant to give it to someone else , and the story of how his ideas can go into publishing is a strange story .

At the end of 1906 he was persuaded to take over responsibility for a course on 'General linguistics and the history and comparison of the Indo-European languages' from a scholar who had had to give it up after thirty years ,Saussure taught such a course for the remainder of that session and in the sessions 1908-9 and 1910-11. In the first of these years Saussure limited himself exclusively to historical matters; but when he gave the course for the second time he included an introduction which deatT" father briefly with synchronic linguistics, "and in the third course, finally, a full semester was devoted to theoretical, largely synchronic linguistics. And then not long afterwards, in 1913, he "died, without having published any of this theoretical material. Several people had asked him to, but he always replied that the task of organizing his sketchy ideas into publishable form was too time-consuming to contemplate. but Two of his colleagues, Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye, who had been prevented by their own teaching duties from hearing Saussure's lectures on  generallinguistics, decided to reconstruct them from notes taken by students together with such lecture-notes as Saussure had left behind: the book they produced, the Cours de linguistique gintrale (Saussure 1916), which is a vehicle which are used by scholars in the world to comperehend Saussure's thought, and because this document that Saussure is known as the father of
twentieth-century linguistics.

Analyzing sentences

Danger of Smoking in the Morning

Smoking in the morning, especially accompanied by acup of coffee, has become a ritual that hard to break. However, these habits seem to need to be stopped from smoking at the beginning of the day is more dangerous than smoking on the day or night. Research shows that smoking after waking up would increase the risk of lung cancer, neck andhead. "Morning smokers have high levels of nicotine and other toxins from tobacco in his body."According to me , they are also more addicted than smokers who refrained from smoking a half hour or so afterwaking up," said researcher Joshua Muscat of Penn State College of Medicine.To find out why some smokers get cancer and not, Muscat and his team examined the link between cancer risk is there with the habit of first cigarette in the morning.The first study involved 4775 patients with lung cancer and 2835 of other smokers without lungcancer. Those who smoke 30 minutes after waking up 1.79 times higher risk of suffering from lung cancer than those who waited more than 60 minutes. Meanwhile, those who smoked 31-60minutes after waking up had 1.31 times the risk compared to those who wait at least an hour.The second study involved 1055 people with brain and neck cancer and 795 people who smokedbut did not suffer brain and neck cancer. Those who smoked within 30 minutes when you wakeup 1.59 times the risk of brain and neck cancer compared with those who waited an hour.The risk of smokers who smoked 31-60 minutes after waking up 1.42 times than those who waitat least an hour

Analyzing sentences

1. Gerund : Smoking in the morning

in this sentences shows gerund because smoking in here as subject not verb even we know smoke is a verb but in here after modify with ing, it change in to noun.   because a  gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding "-ing. the function of gerund absolutely as the subject of the sentence and to different word category beetween verb and noun. Gerunds can be made negative by adding "not." if i take the example from the example above is : not smoking in the morning.

2. Direct speech : "according to me, they are also more addicted than smokers who refrained from smoking a half hour or so afterwaking up," said researcher Joshua Muscat of Penn State College of Medicine.

in this sentence shows the direct speech because in this statement he claimed the case lively. obviously like in this sentence like "according to me" because if the sentence to be passive voice, it will be like "according to him, they were also more addicted than smokers who refrained from smoking a half hour or so afterwaking up.

Tense change

Direct speech		Indirect speech
Present simple She said, "It's cold."	›	Past simple  She said it was cold.
Present continuous She said, "I'm teaching English online."	›	Past continuous  She said she was teaching English online.
Present perfect simple She said, "I've been on the web since 1999."	›	Past perfect simple She said she had been on the web since 1999.
Present perfect continuous She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years."	›	Past perfect continuous  She said she had been teaching English for seven years.
Past simple She said, "I taught online yesterday."	›	Past perfect  She said she had taught online yesterday.
Past continuous She said, "I was teaching earlier."	›	Past perfect continuous  She said she had been teaching earlier.
Past perfect She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived."	›	Past perfect  NO CHANGE - She said the lesson had already started when he arrived.
Past perfect continuous She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes."	›	Past perfect continuous  NO CHANGE - She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes.

Modal verb forms also sometimes change:

Direct speech		Indirect speech
will She said, "I'll teach English online tomorrow."	›	would She said she would teach English online tomorrow.
can She said, "I can teach English online."	›	could She said she could teach English online.
must She said, "I must have a computer to teach English online."	›	had to  She said she had to have a computer to teach English online.
shall She said, "What shall we learn today?"	›	should She asked what we should learn today.
may She said, "May I open a new browser?"	›	might She asked if she might open a new browser.

Time change

Expressions of time if reported on a different day
this (evening)	›	that (evening)
today	›	yesterday ...
these (days)	›	those (days)
now	›	then
(a week) ago	›	(a week) before
last weekend	›	the weekend before last / the previous weekend
here	›	there
next (week)	›	the following (week)
tomorrow	›	the next/following day

3. Relative pronoun  : The risk of smokers who smoked 31-60 minutes after waking up 1.42 times than those who waitat least an hour this is a relative pronoun because the subject of the verb smoked and also introduces the clause smoked 31-60 minutes. In this case the clause acts as an adjective modifying the word the risk of smokers. because relative pronoun is used to connect a clause or phrase to a noun or pronoun. there are many examples of relative pronoun like in the table billow

Function in the sentence	Reference to
	People	Things / concepts	Place	Time	Explanation
Subject	who, that	which, that
Object	(that, who, whom)*	(which, that)*	where	when	what/why
Possessive	whose	whose, of which

   

Phrasal Verbs

What is a phrasal verb?

A phrasal verb is a verb followed by a preposition or an adverb; the combination creates a 
meaning different from the original verb alone.

Example :
To get  =  to obtain	I need to get a new battery for my camera.
To get together  =  to meet	Why don’t we all get together for lunch one day?

Phrasal verbs are part of a large group of verbs called “multi-part” or "multi-word” verbs.
The preposition or adverb that follows the verb is sometimes called a particle.

Phrasal verbs and other multi-word verbs are an important part of the English language.
However, they are mainly used in spoken English and informal texts. They should be
avoided in academic writing where it is preferable to use a formal verb such as “to postpone”
rather than “to put off”.

Transitive and intransitive phrasal verbs :

Some phrasal verbs are transitive.  (A transitive verb always has an object.)
Example : I made up an excuse. ('Excuse' is the object of the verb.)

Some phrasal verbs are intransitive . (An intransitive verb does not have an object.)
Example : My car broke down.

Separable or inseparable phrasal verbs :

Some transitive phrasal verbs are separable. (The object is between the verb and the preposition.)
Example : I looked the word up in the dictionary.

Some transitive phrasal verbs are inseparable. (The object is placed after the preposition.)
Example : I will look into the matter as soon as possible.

Some transitive phrasal verbs can take an object in both places.
Example : I picked up the book.
   I picked the book up.

However, if the object is a pronoun, it must be placed between the verb and the preposition.
Example : I picked it up.

Trafficjam in jakarta

Jakarta’s traffic has always been a big problem for the government. Every morning Jakarta has been always  and always enjoyed with the name stuck. Well, indeed, what can we do, as the center of the capital which will never slept through the night to come pick.  Traffic jams are everywhere in Jakarta. It is hard for people in Jakarta and in its suburbs like Tangerang, Bekasi, Depok, and Bogor to move around. It takes too long than it should be to get to one place from another. The most significant causes of the problem lay on some factors.

      One of the causes is the number of vehicles in Jakarta. There are too many buses, cars, motorcycles, and any other kinds of public transportation in the streets. no longer wonder, when rain flooded and jammed into one hell feels like a home for all the work. Not just one or two hours, private car users can be up to 3 hours not moving. If we talk to dealing with this beautiful country, government is not honored will be no end. A little opinion on our system of government from the beginning until now. I think the bottleneck can be overcome by the reduction of private vehicles. Yes indeed, almost every head of the family has a personal vehicle. But all of this can we reduce the government a lot of money, funds allocation and so on. Make public transport comfortable, safe, plentiful, easy to reach, etc. With this people will switch to not use private vehicles. Why use a private vehicle anyway no public transport is safe, comfortable. Once people’s minds when they developed public facilities.

It would certainly reduce the number of vehicles. Reduce pollution as well right? how do you cope with traffic, public transportation in Indonesia now just become a tool for criminals to rape, robbery, sexual abuse and many more. No wonder if the interest in public transport is less than private vehicles. If indeed there are many cases like this, remove the serious legal, proper and in accordance with the actors do. If public transport is made more secure, convenient, effective, would jam a little loose. At least the volume of vehicles is reduced because they prefer public transportation. It’s just not regularly  public transport, indiscriminate parking, driving like crazy, especially away from the comfortable security. So, my opinion still haunts Jakarta traffic jam to us before public transport facilities could be improved and the system works. Provide safe and convenient facilities, cheap price reach and act decisively on the laws, give severe punishment, retribution to the perpetrators of crime on public transport. With this, it might be a little to reduce traffic jam in Jakarta.  Actually the government of DKI Jakarta has also think about the traffic jam problem and they come out with PRODASIH (clean air program). One of the example is “three in one” which means there should be three people or more in one car, but in the reality lots of the car owner use jockey to avoid the regulation.

            So it comes back to the people of Jakarta consciousness to make the traffic in Jakarta more enjoyable. If they can not do this then may be in the next year there will be all traffic jam in the street of Jakarta that make the people harder to go through even to go out of their home. I realize that now the traffic jam seems to be more crowded and long. Even in the place where usually never been any traffic jam now there is a jam and it is quite long and heavy. Maybe the government can be stricter about the regulation that they have already made.

And I suggest to the government if the want to build street infrastructure such as the busway for Trans Jakarta they should make a better planning in it. Because what I see now is that they make it all in one time which make all the street suffering worse in traffic jam because all the street are under construction. Can’t you make it just one by one Mr.Goverment? because if you make it one by one it will be easier for others to find alternative way in order to avoid the street construction.

To conclude, the city government must do the research in order to find the solution for these problems and build more facilities like highways and streets. Creating and implementing strict regulation for the traffic systems can also solve the problem.

source : http://wantysastro.wordpress.com/2012/12/02/traffic-jam-in-jakarta/

"if" conditional sentences

Definition of conditional from fadhli92

Sample of Invitation letter

Invitation letter

May 30^th, 2013

Dear alumni

SMPIT Gema Nurani school will be having a Grand Alumni on December 30, 2013 at 2:00 pm at my beloved school as the celebration of 12th Foundation Anniversary of SMPIT Gema Nurani school.

On this regard, we are proudly inviting you to attend the said affair to meet your old friends, classmates, acquaintances and teachers, reminiscing memorable experiences and sharing stories of success.

The registration charges are rp.135.000 per person payable at the venue. These charges include Alumni T-shirt, Alumni ID, Alumni souvenir, dinner, live band.

For further inquiries, please contact our Alumni Secretariat at (047) 237-2383 or text us at 09173445631.

We look forward to your presence in this once a year celebration.

Thanks you very much.

Truly yours,

signature 

Fadhlisyakur

School Director

Sample of Application letter

Application Letter

                                                                                                   Jl.permata blok c 45
                                                                                                   Bekasi,17125
                                                                                                   08579654646
                                                                                                   30th may 2013

Dr. Hasan sadily

Al-azhar international school

Jl. Soekarno no 30

Bekasi, 17125

Dear Dr.hasan

           Reading your advertisement on the internet, date May 27th 2013, I am interested to apply for the position as teacher on IEC that you offered.

I am  twenty years old, I am now continuing my undergraduate studies for programs in English literature at Gunadarma University.

I have high motivation, good communication skill, computer skill, Translation skill, high loyalty, and integrity, I am ready to work hard For your consideration, I enclose herewith my curriculum vitae.

I hope you will consider my application and grant me an interview to have further discussions about my backgrounds and qualifications.

Do not hesitate to contact me at the address above.

Yours Sincerely,

 Fadhli syakur